The property shall only contain that which belongs to the owner unless the owner gave permission or agreed on a recompense separately from the sale. All exemptions from the property must be known in the sale.

Bidayah

Whoever sells fruits, [whether] it has not reached its potential or has reached, the sale is permissible. [It is incumbent] upon the buyer [of the fruits] to cut [and remove] it immediately.

Hidayah

قَالَ وَمَنْ بَاعَ ثَمَرَةً لَمْ يَبْدُ صَلَاحُهَا أَوْ قَدْ بَدَا جَازَ الْبَيْعُ لِأَنَّهُ مَالٌ مُتَقَوِّمٌ، إمَّا لِكَوْنِهِ مُنْتَفَعًا بِهِ فِي الْحَالِ أَوْ فِي الثَّانِي، وَقَدْ قِيلَ لَا يَجُوزُ قَبْلَ أَنْ يَبْدُوَ صَلَاحُهَا وَالْأَوَّلُ أَصَحُّ

Whoever sells fruits, [whether] it has not reached its potential or has reached, the sale is permissible.

Because [the unripened fruit is still] a recognised asset (māl). [This is] either because of it being beneficial currently or later1 .

It is said that [the sale] is not permissible before it has reached its potential. The first [view]2 is more correct (aṣaḥ).

وَعَلَى الْمُشْتَرِي قَطْعُهَا فِي الْحَالِ تَفْرِيغًا لِمِلْكِ الْبَائِعِ، وَهَذَا إذَا اشْتَرَاهَا مُطْلَقًا أَوْ بِشَرْطِ الْقَطْعِ

[It is incumbent] upon the buyer [of the fruits] to cut [and remove] it immediately. So that the property of the seller is unoccupied.

This3 is [the case] if [the fruits] were bought without any conditions or with the condition [that the fruits be] cut.

وَإِنْ شَرَطَ تَرْكَهَا عَلَى النَّخِيلِ فَسَدَ الْبَيْعُ لِأَنَّهُ شَرْطٌ لَا يَقْتَضِيهِ الْعَقْدُ وَهُوَ شَغْلُ مِلْكِ الْغَيْرِ أَوْ هُوَ صَفْقَةٌ فِي صَفْقَةٍ وَهُوَ إعَارَةٌ أَوْ إجَارَةٌ فِي بَيْعٍ

If [the buyer] places a condition that [fruits] remain on the palm tree, the sale will be invalidated.

Because it4 is a condition which is not allowed5 in the deal as it is occupying another's property.6

[Also,]7 it is a deal within a deal; as in [a contract] to borrow or rent within a sale.

وَكَذَا بَيْعُ الزَّرْعِ بِشَرْطِ التَّرْكِ لِمَا قُلْنَا

Likewise, [the sale is invalid in the case of] the sale of crops with a condition of leaving [the crops in the land]. This is because of what we mentioned [as evidence].8

وَكَذَا إذَا تَنَاهَى عِظَمُهَا عِنْدَ أَبِي حَنِيفَةَ وَأَبِي يُوسُفَ رَحِمَهُمَا اللَّهُ لِمَا قُلْنَا، وَاسْتَحْسَنَهُ مُحَمَّدٌ - رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ - لِلْعَادَةِ.

Similarly,9 [the sale is invalid] if [the fruit or crop] has reached10 its full growth. This is according to Imam Abu Hanifah and Imam Abu Yusuf based on what we have mentioned11

Imam Muhammad has allowed [the sale] due to it12 being customary.

بِخِلَافِ مَا إذَا لَمْ يَتَنَاهَ عِظَمُهَا؛ لِأَنَّهُ شَرْطٌ فِيهِ الْجُزْءُ الْمَعْدُومُ وَهُوَ الَّذِي يَزِيدُ لِمَعْنًى مِنْ الْأَرْضِ أَوْ الشَّجَرِ

In contrast, [the sale will be invalid according to all] if the [fruits or crop] has not reached its full growth.

Because it is placing a condition for parts that is non-existent. [The part] which will grow on the strength of the land or tree.13

وَلَوْ اشْتَرَاهَا مُطْلَقًا وَتَرَكَهَا بِإِذْنِ الْبَائِعِ طَابَ لَهُ الْفَضْلُ

If one bought [fruits or crops that has not fully grown] without any conditions and [then] they left it14 with the permission of the seller [whilst the fruit has not fully grown], the excess growth will be allowed [for the buyer].

وَإِنْ تَرَكَهَا بِغَيْرِ إذْنِهِ تَصَدَّقَ بِمَا زَادَ فِي ذَاتِهِ لِحُصُولِهِ بِجِهَةٍ مَحْظُورَةٍ

[If one bought fruits or crops without any conditions] and [then] they left it without the permission of the seller [whilst the fruit or crop was not fully grown], the excess to the original15 will be donated. Because, [the excess] was acquired through an illegal means.

وَإِنْ تَرَكَهَا بَعْدَمَا تَنَاهَى عِظَمُهَا لَمْ يَتَصَدَّقْ بِشَيْءٍ. لِأَنَّ هَذَا تَغَيُّرُ حَالَةٍ لَا تَحَقُّقُ زِيَادَةٍ

[If one bought fruits or crops without any conditions] and [then they left it without the permission of the seller] after [the fruit or crop] had fully grown, nothing will need to be donated.

وَإِنْ اشْتَرَاهَا مُطْلَقًا وَتَرَكَهَا عَلَى النَّخِيلِ وَقَدْ اسْتَأْجَرَ النَّخِيلَ إلَى وَقْتِ الْإِدْرَاكِ طَابَ لَهُ الْفَضْلُ؛ لِأَنَّ الْإِجَارَةَ بَاطِلَةٌ لِعَدَمِ التَّعَارُفِ وَالْحَاجَةِ فَبَقِيَ الْإِذْنُ مُعْتَبَرًا

If one bought [the fruits] without any conditions and [then] they left it on the [seller's] palm tree by hiring16 the palm tree until the [fruit] comes to fruition, the excess growth will be allowed. Because the hiring is void (bātil).

بِخِلَافِ مَا إذَا اشْتَرَى الزَّرْعَ وَاسْتَأْجَرَ الْأَرْضَ إلَى أَنْ يُدْرِكَ وَتَرَكَهُ حَيْثُ لَا يَطِيبُ لَهُ الْفَضْلُ؛ لِأَنَّ الْإِجَارَةَ فَاسِدَةٌ لِلْجَهَالَةِ فَأَوْرَثَتْ خُبْثًا

وَلَوْ اشْتَرَاهَا مُطْلَقًا فَأَثْمَرَتْ ثَمَرًا آخَرَ قَبْلَ الْقَبْضِ فَسَدَ الْبَيْعُ؛ لِأَنَّهُ لَا يُمْكِنُهُ تَسْلِيمُ الْمَبِيعِ لِتَعَذُّرِ التَّمْيِيزِ

وَلَوْ أَثْمَرَتْ بَعْدَ الْقَبْضِ يَشْتَرِكَانِ فِيهِ لِلِاخْتِلَاطِ، وَالْقَوْلُ قَوْلُ الْمُشْتَرِي فِي مِقْدَارِهِ؛ لِأَنَّهُ فِي يَدِهِ، وَكَذَا فِي الْبَاذِنْجَانِ وَالْبِطِّيخِ، وَالْمَخْلَصُ أَنْ يَشْتَرِيَ الْأُصُولَ لِتَحْصُلَ الزِّيَادَةُ عَلَى مِلْكِهِ

وَالْمَخْلَصُ أَنْ يَشْتَرِيَ الْأُصُولَ لِتَحْصُلَ الزِّيَادَةُ عَلَى مِلْكِهِ

Vocabulary

متقوم / Lit. Established, recognised /

صلاح / Lit. Fruition /

عظم / Lit. Growth /

محظورة / Lit. Prohibited /

----------------------

• 1Lit. In the second
• 2As in the sale of unripened fruits being permissible
• 3The sale being permissible and the buyer being required to remove the fruits
• 4The condition to leave it on the palm tree
• 5Lit. Demanded
• 6One cannot retain the benefit of a sold property of which they own nothing.
• 7Lit. Or. This is referring to another cause of the sale being invalid.
• 8in terms of occupying the property of another or there being a deal within a deal.
• 9In a sale where the purchaser placed a condition that the fruits or crops remain on the tree or land respectively
• 10Li. finished
• 11Due to occupying the buyer's property and there being a deal within a deal.
• 12The practice of fully grown fruits being sold whilst still on the trees. Then seller asking for time to come and collect at a later designated date.
• 13One is not allowed to make any agreement for something does not exist. To add such a condition to a deal will make the deal invalid. In this case, if a buyer places the condition to leave the fruit on the tree in consideration of the parts that has not grown is technically making a deal for that part that at the time of the deal does not exist.
• 14the fruits or crops in the tree or the land respectively
• 15The size of the fruits at the time of purchase.
• 16with a separate deal