Principle: That which is extrinsically associated with the property will be excluded from the sale by default. Extrinsic is that which is easily removable from the property without it removing its core function.

Bidayah

A person who buys a house, [for them] the structure is included in the sale even if it was not mentioned. A person who buys land, [for them] whatever is in there in terms of palms and trees are included even if it is not mentioned. The crops are not included in the sale of land unless it is mentioned. A person who buys a palm or a tree that has fruits on it, its fruits will belong to the seller except if the buyer places a condition [for the fruits]. The seller will be told to cut the fruits] and hand over the item sold

Hidayah

وَمَنْ بَاعَ دَارًا دَخَلَ بِنَاؤُهَا فِي الْبَيْعِ وَإِنْ لَمْ يُسَمِّهِ، لِأَنَّ اسْمَ الدَّارِ يَتَنَاوَلُ الْعَرْصَةَ وَالْبِنَاءَ فِي الْعُرْفِ وَلِأَنَّهُ مُتَّصِلٌ بِهَا اتِّصَالَ قَرَارٍ فَيَكُونُ تَبَعًا لَهُ

[A seller] who sells a house, the structure is included in the sale even if it was not mentioned.

Because the word ‘house’ comprises of the courtyard and the building according to urf (common custom).

Because it is attached to [the house] permanently, so it is considered subordinate to [the house].

وَمَنْ بَاعَ أَرْضًا دَخَلَ مَا فِيهَا مِنْ النَّخْلِ وَالشَّجَرِ وَإِنْ لَمْ يُسَمِّهِ لِأَنَّهُ مُتَّصِلٌ بِهَا لِلْقَرَارِ فَأَشْبَهَ الْبِنَاءَ وَلَا يَدْخُلُ الزَّرْعُ فِي بَيْعِ الْأَرْضِ إلَّا بِالتَّسْمِيَةِ لِأَنَّهُ مُتَّصِلٌ بِهَا لِلْفَصْلِ فَشَابَهَ الْمَتَاعَ الَّذِي فِيهَا.

[A seller] who sells land, whatever is in there in terms of palms and trees are included [in the sale] even if it is not mentioned. Because it is permanently attached, so it is like a building.

Crops are not included in the sale of land unless it is mentioned.

Because it is attached to [the land whilst being] separable, so it is like equipment that is there.

وَمَنْ بَاعَ نَخْلًا أَوْ شَجَرًا فِيهِ ثَمَرٌ فَثَمَرَتُهُ لِلْبَائِعِ إلَّا أَنْ يَشْتَرِطَ الْمُبْتَاعُ لِقَوْلِهِ - عَلَيْهِ الصَّلَاةُ وَالسَّلَامُ - «مَنْ اشْتَرَى أَرْضًا فِيهَا نَخْلٌ فَالثَّمَرَةُ لِلْبَائِعِ، إلَّا أَنْ يَشْتَرِطَ الْمُبْتَاعُ» وَلِأَنَّ الِاتِّصَالَ وَإِنْ كَانَ خِلْقَةً فَهُوَ لِلْقَطْعِ لَا لِلْبَقَاءِ فَصَارَ كَالزَّرْعِ.

[A seller] who sells a palm or a tree which has fruits on it, its fruits will belong to the seller except if the buyer places a condition [for the fruits to be included].

Because of the declaration of the Prophet that whoever sells a palm or a tree which has fruits on it, its fruits will belong to the seller except if the buyer places a condition.

Because attachment [of the fruits on the tree], even though natural, is for cutting and not for remaining; so it is like crops.

وَيُقَالُ لِلْبَائِعِ اقْطَعْهَا وَسَلِّمْ الْمَبِيعَ وَكَذَا إذَا كَانَ فِيهَا زَرْعٌ؛ لِأَنَّ مِلْكَ الْمُشْتَرِي مَشْغُولٌ بِمِلْكِ الْبَائِعِ فَكَانَ عَلَيْهِ تَفْرِيغُهُ وَتَسْلِيمُهُ، كَمَا إذَا كَانَ فِيهِ مَتَاعٌ. وَقَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ - رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ -: يُتْرَكُ حَتَّى يَظْهَرَ صَلَاحُ الثَّمَرِ وََيَسْتَحْصِدُ الزَّرْعَ؛ لِأَنَّ الْوَاجِبَ إنَّمَا هُوَ التَّسْلِيمُ الْمُعْتَادُ، وَالْمُعْتَادُ أَنْ لَا يُقْطَعَ كَذَلِكَ وَصَارَ كَمَا إذَا انْقَضَتْ مُدَّةُ الْإِجَارَةِ وَفِي الْأَرْضِ زَرْعٌ.

قُلْنَا: هُنَاكَ التَّسْلِيمُ وَاجِبٌ أَيْضًا حَتَّى يُتْرَكَ بِأَجْرٍ، وَتَسْلِيمُ الْعِوَضِ كَتَسْلِيمِ الْمُعَوَّضِ

The seller will be told to cut [the fruits] and hand over the item sold. Likewise when there are crops in [the land sold].

Because the buyer’s property is occupied by the seller’s property. It is [the responsibility] upon [the seller] is to vacate [the tree or land sold] and hand it over. [The case is] like if there were equipment in [the property].

Imam Shafi’i (RA) says [the fruits] may be left [on the tree] until the fruits have ripened or the crops can been harvested. Because it is necessary to hand over [in a manner and time] which is considered customary. It is customary that it not be cut in such a manner. The case is like when the rental period finishes and the land still has crops.

We say, in this case1 the handover is necessary also such that [the crops] will be left [on the land] in exchange for [a new deal on] rent. 2

وَلَا فَرْقَ بَيْنَ مَا إذَا كَانَ الثَّمَرُ بِحَالٍ لَهُ قِيمَةٌ أَوْ لَمْ يَكُنْ فِي الصَّحِيحِ وَيَكُونُ فِي الْحَالَيْنِ لِلْبَائِعِ؛ لِأَنَّ بَيْعَهُ يَجُوزُ فِي أَصَحِّ الرِّوَايَتَيْنِ عَلَى مَا تَبَيَّنَ فَلَا يَدْخُلُ فِي بَيْعِ الشَّجَرِ مِنْ غَيْرِ ذِكْرٍ.

There is no difference between if the fruit had a market value or does not [have a market value] according to the correct view. In both cases, it will belong to the seller. Because sale [of a fruit which has no market value] is a valid according to the more correct of two views based on what we will mention. Hence, [the fruit] will not be included in the sale of the tree without it being mentioned.

وَأَمَّا إذَا بِيعَتْ الْأَرْضُ وَقَدْ بَذَرَ فِيهَا صَاحِبُهَا وَلَمْ يَنْبُتْ بَعْدُ لَمْ يَدْخُلُ فِيهِ؛ لِأَنَّهُ مُودَعٌ فِيهَا كَالْمَتَاعِ،.

وَلَوْ نَبَتَ وَلَمْ تَصِرْ لَهُ قِيمَةٌ فَقَدْ قِيلَ لَا يَدْخُلُ فِيهِ، وَقَدْ قِيلَ يَدْخُلُ فِيهِ، وَكَأَنَّ هَذَا بِنَاءٌ عَلَى الِاخْتِلَافِ فِي جَوَازِ بَيْعِهِ قَبْلَ أَنْ تَنَالَهُ الْمَشَافِرُ وَالْمَنَاجِلُ،.

If the land is sold and its owner (the seller) had sewn seeds into [the land prior to selling] and it had not grown thereafter, [in this case, the seeds] will not be included in the sale. Because it is a deposit within [the land] similar to equipment.

If it grows [but] it has not reached [to the level of having] any market value, some have said that it will be included in the sale and some have said that it will not be included. This is like the basis of the difference regarding the permissibility of the sale [of crops] before it has reached [the length which cannot be grazed by a camel with its] mouth or [it cannot be cut with] scythes.

وَلَا يَدْخُلُ الزَّرْعُ وَالثَّمَرُ بِذِكْرِ الْحُقُوقِ وَالْمَرَافِقِ؛ لِأَنَّهُمَا لَيْسَا مِنْهُمَا

The crops and fruits will not be included [in the sale] by mentioning the rights3 and attachment4 . Because [rights and attachments] are not [intrinscally] part [of the land or tree].

وَلَوْ قَالَ بِكُلِّ قَلِيلٍ وَكَثِيرٍ هُوَ لَهُ فِيهَا وَمِنْهَا مِنْ حُقُوقِهَا أَوْ قَالَ مِنْ مَرَافِقِهَا لَمْ يَدْخُلَا فِيهِ لِمَا قُلْنَا، وَإِنْ لَمْ يَقُلْ مِنْ حُقُوقِهَا أَوْ مِنْ مَرَافِقِهَا دَخَلَا فِيهِ.

If [a seller] says, [I sell this land or tree] with all the little and many that is part of it within [the land] or from [the tree] 'in terms of its rights' or [the seller] says, 'in term of its attachments', [in that case, the crops or fruits] will not be included in the sale.

If [the seller] does not say 'in terms of its rights' or 'in terms of its attachment', [the crops and the fruits] will be included in [the sale].

وَأَمَّا الثَّمَرُ الْمَجْذُوذُ وَالزَّرْعُ الْمَحْصُودُ فَهُوَ بِمَنْزِلَةِ الْمَتَاعِ لَا يَدْخُلُ إلَّا بِالتَّصْرِيحِ بِهِ.

Plucked fruits and harvested crops will not be included [in the sale]5 . Because it is equivalent to furniture. It will not be included [in the sale] except with it being specified.

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Muhammad Saifur Rahman Nawhami
11 Rabi II, 1443 AH
16 November 2021 CE

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• 1as in the case where the rental period finishes and the land still has crops
• 2The crops cannot be left without permission after the rental deal has expired without making a new agreement.
• 3Rights (حقوق) refers elements which are essential for the item to function
• 4Attachments (مرافق) are elements which are exclusive to the item but not essential for it to function.
• 5Even if the buyer says, 'I buy it with all the small and many features it has.'